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PA-RISC CPU Architecture Further reading
Notes
1. Single Instruction Multiple Data, Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD), see for example the SIMD Wikipedia
article
46
and MIMD Wikipedia article
47
MAX-2 (64-bit)
With the introduction of the new 64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 architecture in 1996 HP unveiled a new set of
multimedia-oriented instructions aimed at using the processor’s resources more effectively for sub-word
data. The basic components of the contemporary multimedia data were often represented as 8, 12 or
16-bit integers, for example audio sampling and pixel color depth. Doing arithmetic with data of this
length would waste an considerable amount of the processor’s execution capacities, a simple addition
of 16-bit data would only use one quarter of the 64-bit wide integer units datapath. To remedy this
situation, MAX allows for packing of these subword data into larger words near the processor’s natural
word width (64-bit on PA-RISC 2.0 processors) and using parallel instructions on them. An example
would be four 16-bit additions by the 64-bit adder on four 16-bit packed subwords.
The basic functionality from the earlier 32-bit MAX-1 was taken over and four more instructions added
for MAX-2. Additionally, due to the wider integer registers (now 64-bit) more subwords can be packed
in one cycle, doubling the effective speed of these multimedia instructions. The MAX-2 multimedia
instructions include (new in MAX-2 are in bold): parallel add, parallel subtract, parallel shift left &
add (i.e. multiply with integer), parallel shift right & add (i.e. division), parallel average, parallel shift
right, parallel shift left, mix and permute.
MAX-2 debuted 1996 with the PA-8000 processor and later featured on all subsequent PA-RISC 2.0
processors (PA-8x00). In contrast to contemporary multimedia extensions, MAX-2 required only very
little die space (0.1 percent on the PA-8000).
References
Accelerating Multimedia with Enhanced Microprocessor
48
(PDF, 2.4MB) Discussion of the MAX-
1 instructions. Ruby Lee, April 1995, IEEE Micro, Volume 15 Number 2.
64-bit and Multimedia Extensions in the PA-RISC 2.0 Architecture
49
(PDF, 66KB) New features
of the 64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 architecture and overview on the MAX introduced with it. Ruby Lee
and Jerry Huck, 1996, Hewlett-Packard Company.
Subword Parallelism with MAX-2
50
(PDF, 1.5MB) Discussion of the MAX-2 instructions. Ruby
Lee, August 1996, IEEE Micro, Volume 16 Number 4.
2.3.7 Further reading
Selected papers and articles for further reading on the PA-RISC architecture and platform
Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture: The Processor
51
(.pdf) M. Mahon et al (August 1986:
Hewlett Packard Journal. Accessed May 2009)
46
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD
47
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMD
48
http://www.ee.princeton.edu/~rblee/HPpapers/accelMultimediawEnhancedMicroproc.pdf
49
http://ftp.parisc-linux.org/docs/whitepapers/pa2c96.pdf
50
http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~ece734/mmx/00526925.pdf
51
http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1986-08.pdf
44
- Weissmann 1
- Contents 5
- List of Tables 7
- Introduction 8
- PA-RISC Hardware Details 10
- 2.1 Overview 11
- 2.2 PA-RISC Processors 12
- 2.2.2 Overview table 13
- 2.2.3 Early PA-RISC 14
- 2.2.9 PA-8000 (PCX-U) (Onyx) 26
- 2.2.14 PA-8800 (Mako) 35
- 2.2.15 PA-8900 37
- 2.2.16 Hitachi PA/50 38
- 2.2.17 Hitachi HARP-1 39
- 2.2.18 Other processors 41
- 2.3 PA-RISC CPU Architecture 45
- 2.3.5 Superscalar execution 48
- 2.3.7 Further reading 51
- 2.4 PA-RISC Chipsets 53
- 2.4.3 LASI 55
- 2.4.4 Wax 56
- 2.4.5 Dino/Cujo 57
- 2.4.6 Elroy 58
- 2.4.7 SIU/SPI 59
- 2.4.8 Viper 60
- 2.4.10 U2/Uturn 62
- 2.4.11 MMC/SMC 63
- 2.4.12 Astro 64
- 2.4.13 Stretch 65
- 2.4.14 Cell 66
- 2.5 PA-RISC Buses 68
- 2.5.4 PCI 69
- 2.5.5 GSC/HSC 69
- 2.5.6 VSC 71
- 2.5.7 System Main Bus (SMB) 72
- 2.5.8 PBus 73
- 2.5.9 Runway 74
- 2.6 PA-RISC Graphics Adapters 77
- PA-RISC Graphics Adapters CRX 78
- 2.6.3 HCRX 80
- 2.6.4 Visualize 82
- 2.6.5 Visualize-FX 84
- 2.6.6 FireGL-UX 87
- 2.6.7 References 87
- 2.7 PA-RISC SCSI 88
- 2.7.3 SCSI Adapters 92
- PA-RISC Operating Systems 94
- 3.1 Overview 95
- 3.2 HP-UX 96
- 3.2.3 HP-UX 11.00 97
- 3.2.4 HP-UX 11i (11.11) 98
- 3.2.5 Software for HP-UX 100
- 3.2.6 Further reading 100
- 3.3 PA-RISC Linux 102
- 3.3.3 Supported hardware 103
- 3.3.4 Development 103
- 3.3.5 Distributions 104
- 3.3.6 References 104
- 3.4 NetBSD/hp700 106
- 3.4.4 Software 107
- 3.4.5 References 107
- 3.5 NeXTSTEP/hppa 108
- 3.5.4 References 109
- 3.6 OpenBSD/hppa 110
- 3.6.3 Supported hardware 111
- 3.6.4 Software 112
- 3.6.5 References 112
- 3.7.1 Overview 114
- 3.7.2 Mach 3/UX 115
- 3.7.3 Mach 4/Lites 115
- 3.7.4 MkLinux 117
- 3.7.5 HP Tut 118
- 3.7.6 HP OSF/1 118
- 3.7.7 MK-PA (OSF/1) 118
- 3.7.8 HPBSD 119
- 3.7.9 Chorus 121
- PA-RISC Computer Systems 123
- 4.1 PA-RISC Computers 124
- 4.1.2 Servers 127
- PA-RISC Computers Servers 128
- Rack-mountable (19″ ) 129
- 4.1.3 VME boards 132
- 4.1.4 Early systems 132
- 4.1.5 Other vendors 133
- 4.1.6 Itanium systems 134
- MC: Montecito 136
- MC-D: Montecito Dual-Core 136
- MV: Montvale 136
- MV-D: Montvale Dual-Core 136
- HD: Hondo Dual-CPU 136
- 4.2 Early PA-RISC Systems 137
- 4.2.4 865 and 870: PCX (CMOS) 140
- 4.2.6 Benchmarks 141
- 4.2.7 References 142
- 4.3 HP 9000/705 & 710 143
- 4.3.3 External connectors 144
- 4.3.4 References: 145
- 4.3.5 Operating systems 145
- 4.3.6 Benchmarks 145
- 4.4 HP 9000/712 146
- 4.4.3 External connectors 148
- 4.4.4 ROM update 148
- 4.4.5 References 148
- 4.4.6 Operating systems 149
- 4.4.7 Benchmarks 149
- 4.5 HP 9000/715 150
- 4.5.3 External connectors 152
- 4.5.4 ROM update 153
- 4.5.5 References 153
- 4.5.6 Operating systems 153
- 4.5.7 Benchmarks 153
- 4.6.1 Overview 154
- 4.6.2 Internals 154
- 4.6.3 External connectors 156
- 4.6.4 References: 156
- 4.6.5 Operating systems 156
- 4.6.6 Benchmarks 156
- 4.7 HP 9000/725 157
- 4.7.3 External connectors 159
- 4.7.4 References 159
- 4.7.5 Operating systems 159
- 4.7.6 Benchmarks 160
- 4.8 HP 9000/735 & 755 161
- 4.8.3 External connectors 163
- 4.8.4 References 164
- 4.8.5 Operating systems 164
- 4.8.6 Benchmarks 164
- 4.9.1 Overview 165
- 4.9.2 Internals 165
- 4.9.3 External connectors 166
- 4.9.4 References 166
- 4.9.5 Operating systems 166
- 4.9.6 Benchmarks 166
- Model SPEC95, int SPEC95, fp 167
- 742i/50 1.53 2.46 167
- 4.10.1 Overview 168
- 4.10.2 Internals 168
- 4.10.3 External connectors 169
- 4.10.4 ROM update 170
- 4.10.5 References 170
- 4.10.6 Operating systems 171
- 4.10.7 Benchmarks 171
- 4.11.1 Overview 172
- 4.11.2 Internals 172
- 4.11.3 External connectors 173
- 4.11.4 ROM update 174
- 4.11.5 References 174
- 4.11.6 Operating systems 174
- 4.11.7 Benchmarks 174
- 29.0kg weight 175
- 400W power supply 175
- 4.12.1 Overview 176
- 4.12.2 Internals 176
- 4.12.3 External connectors 178
- 4.12.4 References 178
- 4.12.5 Operating systems 178
- 4.12.6 Benchmarks 178
- 4.13.1 Overview 180
- 4.13.2 Internals 180
- 4.13.3 External connectors 181
- 4.13.4 ROM update 182
- 4.13.5 References 182
- 4.13.6 Operating systems 182
- 4.13.7 Benchmarks 182
- 4.14 HP 9000 74x Expansion 184
- 4.14.4 GSC-M cards 185
- 4.15 HP 9000/A180 186
- 4.15.3 External connectors 187
- 4.15.4 References 187
- 4.15.5 ROM update 187
- 4.15.6 Operating systems 187
- 4.15.7 Benchmarks 187
- HP 9000/A180 Benchmarks 188
- 4.16.1 Overview 189
- 4.16.2 Internals 189
- 4.16.3 External connectors 191
- 4.16.4 ROM update 192
- 4.16.5 References 192
- 4.16.6 Operating systems 192
- 4.16.7 Benchmarks 193
- 4.17.1 Overview 194
- 4.17.2 Internals 194
- 4.17.3 External connectors 196
- 4.17.4 ROM update 196
- 4.17.5 References 197
- 4.17.6 Operating systems 197
- 4.17.7 Benchmarks 197
- 4.18.1 Overview 198
- 4.18.2 Internals 198
- 4.18.3 External connectors 199
- 4.18.4 ROM update 200
- 4.18.5 References 200
- 4.18.6 Operating systems 200
- 4.18.7 Benchmarks 200
- 4.19 HP 9000/C100 & C110 202
- 4.19.3 External connectors 204
- 4.19.4 ROM update 204
- 4.19.5 Operating systems 204
- 4.19.6 References 205
- 4.19.7 Benchmarks 205
- 4.20.1 Overview 206
- 4.20.2 Internals 206
- 4.20.3 External connectors 208
- 4.20.4 ROM update 208
- 4.20.5 References 208
- 4.20.6 Operating systems 209
- 4.20.7 Benchmarks 209
- 4.21.1 Overview 210
- 4.21.2 Internals 210
- 4.21.3 External connectors 212
- 4.21.4 ROM update 212
- 4.21.5 Operating systems 213
- 4.21.6 References 213
- 4.21.7 Benchmarks 213
- 4.22.1 Overview 214
- 4.22.2 Internals 214
- 4.22.3 External connectors 216
- 4.22.4 ROM update 216
- 4.22.5 References 216
- 4.22.6 Operating systems 217
- 4.22.7 Benchmarks 217
- 4.23.1 Overview 218
- 4.23.2 Internals 218
- 4.23.3 External connectors 220
- 4.23.4 ROM update 220
- 4.23.5 References 220
- 4.23.6 Operating systems 220
- 4.23.7 Benchmarks 221
- 4.24 HP C8000 222
- 4.24.3 External connectors 224
- 4.24.4 ROM update 224
- 4.24.5 References 224
- 4.24.6 Operating systems 224
- 4.24.7 Benchmarks 225
- 4.25.1 Overview 226
- 4.25.2 Internals 226
- 4.25.3 External connectors 229
- 4.25.4 ROM update 229
- 4.25.5 References: 230
- 4.25.6 Operating systems 230
- 4.25.7 Benchmarks 230
- 4.26 HP 9000/E-Class 231
- 4.26.3 External connectors 232
- 4.26.4 ROM update 232
- 4.26.5 References 233
- 4.26.6 Operating systems 233
- 4.26.7 Benchmarks 233
- 4.27.1 Overview 234
- 4.27.2 Internals 234
- 4.27.3 External connectors 235
- 4.27.4 References 236
- 4.27.5 Operating systems 236
- 4.27.6 Benchmarks 236
- 4.28.1 Overview 237
- 4.28.2 Internals 237
- 4.28.3 External connectors 240
- 4.28.4 ROM update 240
- 4.28.5 References 241
- 4.28.6 Operating systems 241
- 4.28.7 Benchmarks 242
- 4.29.1 Overview 243
- 4.29.2 Internals 243
- 4.29.3 External connectors 244
- 4.29.4 ROM update 245
- 4.29.5 References 245
- 4.29.6 Operating systems 245
- 4.29.7 Benchmarks 245
- 4.30.1 Overview 246
- 4.30.2 Internals 246
- 4.30.3 External connectors 247
- 4.30.4 ROM update 248
- 4.30.5 References 248
- 4.30.6 Operating systems 248
- 4.30.7 Benchmarks 248
- 4.31 HP 9000/K-Class 250
- 4.31.3 External connectors 252
- 4.31.4 ROM update 253
- 4.31.5 References 253
- 4.31.6 Operating systems 254
- 4.31.7 Benchmarks 254
- 4.32 HP i2000 256
- 4.32.3 External connectors 257
- 4.32.4 References 257
- 4.32.5 Operating systems 258
- 4.32.6 Benchmarks 258
- 4.33.1 Overview 259
- 4.33.2 Internals 259
- 4.33.3 External connectors 261
- 4.33.4 ROM update 261
- 4.33.5 References 262
- 4.33.6 Operating systems 262
- 4.33.7 Benchmarks 262
- 4.34.1 Overview 263
- 4.34.2 Internals 263
- 4.34.3 External connectors 266
- 4.34.4 ROM update 266
- 4.34.5 References 267
- 4.34.6 Operating systems 267
- 4.34.7 Benchmarks 267
- 4.35 HP N4000 (rp7400) 268
- 4.35.3 External connectors 270
- 4.35.4 ROM update 270
- 4.35.5 References 271
- 4.35.6 Operating systems 271
- 4.35.7 Benchmarks 271
- 4.35.8 Physical dimensions 271
- 4.36 HP N4000 (rp7405/rp7410) 272
- 4.36.3 External connectors 275
- 4.36.4 ROM update 275
- 4.36.5 References 275
- 4.36.6 Operating systems 275
- 4.36.7 Benchmarks 276
- 4.36.8 Physical dimensions 277
- 4.37.1 Overview 278
- 4.37.2 Internals 278
- 4.37.3 External connectors 280
- 4.37.4 References 281
- 4.37.5 Operating systems 281
- 4.37.6 Benchmarks 281
- 4.38.1 Overview 282
- 4.38.2 Internals 282
- 4.38.3 External connectors 284
- 4.38.4 References 284
- 4.38.5 Operating systems 284
- 4.38.6 Benchmarks 284
- 4.39.1 Overview 286
- 4.39.2 Internals 286
- 4.39.3 External connectors 288
- 4.39.4 References 288
- 4.39.5 Operating systems 289
- 4.39.6 Benchmarks 289
- 4.40.1 Overview 290
- 4.40.2 Internals 290
- 4.40.3 External connectors 292
- 4.40.4 References 293
- 4.40.5 Operating systems 293
- 4.40.6 Benchmarks 293
- 4.41 HP Integrity rx4610 295
- 4.41.3 External connectors 297
- 4.41.4 References 297
- 4.41.5 Operating systems 298
- 4.41.6 Benchmarks 298
- 4.42 HP Integrity rx4640 299
- 4.42.3 External connectors 301
- 4.42.4 References 301
- 4.42.5 Operating systems 302
- 4.42.6 Benchmarks 302
- 4.43 HP Integrity rx5670 303
- 4.43.3 External connectors 305
- 4.43.4 References 305
- 4.43.5 Operating systems 305
- 4.43.6 Benchmarks 306
- 4.44 HP zx2000 307
- 4.44.3 External connectors 309
- 4.44.4 References 309
- 4.44.5 Operating systems 309
- 4.44.6 Benchmarks 309
- 4.45 HP zx6000 310
- 4.45.3 External connectors 312
- 4.45.4 References 312
- 4.45.5 Operating systems 312
- 4.45.6 Benchmarks 312
- 4.45.7 Physical dimensions 313
- 4.46 RDI PrecisionBook 314
- 4.46.3 External connectors 316
- 4.46.4 References 316
- 4.46.5 Operating systems 317
- 4.46.6 Benchmarks 317
- 4.47 SAIC Galaxy 1100 318
- 4.47.3 External connectors 319
- 4.47.4 Operating systems 320
- 4.47.5 References 320
- 4.47.6 Benchmarks 320
- 4.47.7 Physical dimensions 320
- 4.48.1 Overview 321
- 4.48.2 Internals 321
- 4.48.3 Clustering 323
- 4.48.4 External connectors 324
- 4.48.5 References 324
- 4.48.6 Operating systems 325
- 4.48.7 Benchmarks 325
- 4.48.8 Physical dimensions 325
- 4.49.1 Overview 326
- 4.49.2 Internals 326
- 4.49.3 Clustering 328
- 4.49.4 External connectors 328
- 4.49.5 ROM update 328
- 4.49.6 References 329
- 4.49.7 Operating systems 329
- 4.49.8 Benchmarks 329
- 4.49.9 Physical dimensions 329
- 4.50 HP V2200 & V2250 330
- 4.50.3 External connectors 332
- 4.50.4 ROM update 332
- 4.50.5 References 332
- 4.50.6 Operating systems 333
- 4.50.7 Benchmarks 333
- 4.50.8 Physical dimensions 333
- 4.51 HP V2500 & V2600 334
- 4.51.3 Clustering 336
- 4.51.4 External connectors 337
- 4.51.5 ROM update 337
- 4.51.6 References 337
- 4.51.7 Operating systems 337
- 4.51.8 Benchmarks 337
- 4.51.9 Physical dimensions 338
- 4.52 Stratus Continuum 339
- 4.52.3 Operating systems 341
- 4.52.4 System Table 342
- Table Notes 344
- 4.52.5 References 345
- 4.53 Hitachi PA-RISC systems 346
- 4.53.2 3500 servers 347
- 4.53.3 9000V OEM systems 347
- 4.53.4 Single systems details 347
- 4.53.5 References 348
- 4.54 HP 9000/500 FOCUS 349
- 4.54.4 Architecture 351
- 4.54.5 Software 352
- 4.54.6 References 353
- Appendix 354
- 5.1 Bibliography 355
- Bibliography 356
- Chipsets 358
- Miscellaneous Hardware 359
- 5.2 Changes 360
- 5.3 PA-RISC Benchmarks 362
- PA-RISC Benchmarks 363
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